The TerraSAR-X (copyright) mission, launched in 2007, carries a new X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor optimally suited for SAR interferometry (InSAR), thus allowing very promising application of InSAR techniques for the risk assessment on areas with hydrogeological instability and especially for multi-temporal analysis, such as Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques, originally developed at Politecnico di Milano. The SPINUA (Stable Point INterferometry over Unurbanised Areas) technique is a PSI processing methodology which has originally been developed with the aim of detection and monitoring of coherent PS targets in non or scarcely-urbanized areas. The main goal of the present work is to describe successful applications of the SPINUA PSI technique in processing X-band data. Venice has been selected as test site since it is in favorable settings for PSI investigations (urban area containing many potential coherent targets such as buildings) and in view of the availability of a long temporal series of TerraSAR-X stripmap acquisitions (27 scenes in all). The Venice Lagoon is affected by land sinking phenomena, whose origins are both natural and man-induced. The subsidence of Venice has been intensively studied for decades by determining land displacements through traditional monitoring techniques (leveling and GPS) and, recently, by processing stacks of ERS/ENVISAT SAR data. The present work is focused on an independent assessment of application of PSI techniques to TerraSAR-X stripmap data for monitoring the stability of the Venice area. Thanks to its orbital repeat cycle of only 11 days, less than a third of ERS/ENVISAT C-band missions, the maximum displacement rate that can be unambiguously detected along the Line-of-Sight (LOS) with TerraSAR-X SAR data through PSI techniques is expected to be about twice the corresponding value of ESA C-band missions, being directly proportional to the sensor wavelength and inversely proportional to the
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About two weeks after the battle of Chickamauga we were ordered upon Lookout Mountain. It wasa night march and altogether through woods andundergrowth. We halted several times, formed lineof battle and threw up breatworks of logs and rocksonly to leave them and go forward. Finally wereached the crest of a range west of Lookout. Wehalted, formed line of battle and made slightbreastworks as before. We could hear the rumblingof the wagons and the sound of horses' feet far below in the valley. We constantly expected the enemy to attack us in front but we could not see, forthe woods were dense and the hills steep, somewhatprecipitous. It was an ominous hour for the thingray line, away up on the mountain top in the midstof the scraggy woods. We could hear the roar ofthe moving hosts of the enemy with fresh re-enforcements prepared to cut off our retreat and strike usin the rear. About 12 o'clock at night we heard volley after volley of musketry far to our left, but thefiring was intermittent and followed by ominoussilence. The enemy's pickets were in front of usand we fired several volleys into the dark woodswhenever we heard the rustling of leaves andbushes, but they did not answer. No doubt it wasa mistake to have fired when we did as it only servedto reveal our position. Suddenly one of the enemy'spickets came blustering up to our line immediatelyin front of my position, beseeching us not to shoot,that they were friends, and talking like a crazy man.Five or six muskets were pointed at his breast, butno one fired. Without faltering, he came right intoour line but did not hold his gun at ready, talkingand gesticulating like an actor. One of our men tookhis gun and gathering him by the collar made himlay down, threatening to use the butt of his gunon his head if he did not keep quiet. The tension ofexpectancy was now intense and I was so occupiedwith the front that I do not know what became ofhim.
The sutler was allowed to sell us large guttapercha coat buttons at five cents each. These we wouldboil in tin cups until they resumed their originalshape. With great patience the worker would cutthe centre out and fashion it into a ring. Old goldpens, pieces of silver, brass buttons, and any otherbright metal was used in making sets representingclasped hands, hearts and shields and other designswhich were nicely engraved and highly polishedThe sets were riveted in with pins or strips of metalso perfectly that the fastenings could not be dectected. We used sand paper and a greasy cloth to polish. With my two bunk companions for partners Istarted a ring factory. These men were JohnathanSmith, farmer and blacksmith and R. M. Espy afarmer, both from Henry county, Alabama. Smithwas somewhat of a genius at tinkering, Espy hadno skill in any particular line and I was an untrained boy with a bent toward barter and some tact asa salesman.
As early as February 21, 1865, General Lee reported that he was accumulating supplies in the line ofhis proposed retreat which did not commence untilApril 2, but many of us before that had discussedaround our camp fires the impossibility of holdingRichmond against four to one who had fortifiedthemselves and kept building breastworks towardsthe only railroad that brought us the scant food wegot. One may well say that Grant's spades did moreto take Richmond than did his guns. We had notthe men to spare for charging forty miles of works,nor could we take any one part without strippingour own line of its defenders. One not familiar withthese lines will never understand how much laborthey cost. Near the crater there was a front linewith broad ditch for fighting. In the rear of thisanother line for bringing in relief, provisions, andcarrying out the dead and wounded. Then therewere numerous cross ditches and banks of earth called traverses, perpendicular to the main line to prevent enfialde fire. Although not required of me,for over a month I took part in defense of this line.I would be roused up, take a gun fire every minuteor two in the darkness toward the enemy about 100yards distant, this to prevent them from forming aline for attack. At the end of two hours I wouldwake up the next man, lie down in the ditch, and myrelief would stand with one foot on each side of myhead and fire in the same way till the turn of thenext man came. This sort of firing did not preventus from sleeping soundly, but when they played sky-ball with 100-pouder mortar shells we were wideawake at once. Undertaking to dodge one sleek,black shell that appeared to be dropping directly onus from the sky one day, my chin came in contactwth Prince Anderson's head, and both of us wereknocked down just as the shell exploded burying apiece weighing at least twenty pounds in the hardclay within a foot of us. Each of us believed for aninstant that we were wounded by the shell. One ofthese shells fell among some Virginia artillerymenengaged in a game of poker within a few yards ofus and killed nine. I did not like fighting in breastworks, but in the open where one can look his enemyin the eyes as I have done at less than two paces,one can feel that his manhood is worth something.
We took a dismounted cannon at the edge of theLaFayette and Chattanooga road, and our lines,which had been much disordered, were somewhatreformed, and we started to advance across the fieldin the direction of the enemy. But some batteriesin the woods, about four hundred yards distant,opened on us with cannister so fiercely that the linehalted and the men sought such shelter as they could.The cannister fairly rained down on us. It was verydry, the dust in the road was deep, and every shotsent up a little cloud so that one could see danger ofcrossing the road. I got between two of the deadhorses attached to the captured canon, and usingthem as a breastwork, fired across the field at theenemy. After a while I was struck in the side, andthe blow gave me intense agony. I thought I couldfeel the track of the ball through me and I groanedand rolled over with the pain. Captain Newell ofCo. K. called to me to go to the rear, but I felt unable to walk. After a while I concluded to examinethe hurt, and found an ounce ball twisted up in myflannel shirt just above the waistband. From despairI was elevated to a fighting humor, all in lessthan a half minute. The enemy reinforced, commenced to advance on us, and the storm of cannisterhad killed or disabled many of our men and demoralized the line to such an extent that it gave way andmade its way to the point from which we started tocharge. I did not go so far, but while they wereforming again, rallying it is called, I sat down between them and the enemy opened a knapsack, andexamined its contents. After I rested sufficiently,I went to the line and we charged over the sameground running the enemy to the shelter of theircannon, but the same hail of cannister met us at theroad, and another counter charge compelled us to retire as before. It was now nearly dark, and it washard to rally our disheartened men. Gen. Hood, withhis arm in a sling, came along and talked to us.Again the order came to charge; again a few of uswent to the road, again to recoil before the same relentless storm of lead. Perhaps not more than twenty of the Second Georgia participated in this lastcharge, and we lost a gallant fellow - John Seay, ofthe Stewart Grays. In the gloom of the gatheringdarkness, sullen and dispirited we again formed ourlines, and prepared to receive an attack; but the enemy had been too heavily stricken. Three men wereput under my charge; we were taken out to a tree infront of the lines, and there, among the dead andwounded, I was ordered to hold that post and keepawake all night, and guard our sleeping comradesI told my men to go to sleep while I took the firstwatch. In the gloomy forest it was perfectly dark,the outcries and groans of the wounded were the only sounds to be heard, and the recollection of thatgruesome vigil, like a picture draped in mourning,or a funeral pall, lives yet on memory's page. Theenemy sent out men to bear off their wounded, andthey came quite near us, so that I could distinguishtheir words as they spoke to their suffering men.Our orders were to fire on everything in front, butI disobeyed, because it would have been unnecessary,inhuman and disturbing to our men. 2ff7e9595c
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